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Java is Very Fast, If You Don’t Create Many Objects

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  You still have to watch how many objects you create. This article looks at a benchmark passing events over TCP/IP at 4 billion events per minute using the net.openhft.chronicle.wire.channel package in Chronicle Wire and why we still avoid object allocations..  One of the key optimisations is creating almost no garbage. Allocation is a very cheap operation and collection of very short-lived objects is also very cheap. Does this really make a difference? What difference does one small object per event (44 bytes) make to the performance in a throughput test where GC pauses are amortised? While allocation is as efficient as possible, it doesn’t avoid the memory pressure on the L1/L2 caches of your CPUs and when many cores are busy, they are contending for memory in the shared L3 cache.  Results Benchmark on a Ryzen 5950X with Ubuntu 22.10. JVM Vendor, Version No objects Throughput, Average Latency* One object per event Throughput, Average Latency* Azul Zulu 1.8.0_322 60.6 M event/s, 528
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System wide unique nanosecond timestamps

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A Unique Identifier can be very useful for tracing. Those ids are even more useful when they contain a high-resolution timestamp.  Not only do they record the time of an event, but if unique can help trace events as they pass through the system. Such unique timestamps however can be expensive depending on how they are implemented.   This post explores a lightweight means of producing a unique, monotonically increasing system-wide nano-second resolution timestamp available in our open-source library. Uses for Unique Identifiers Unique identifiers can be useful to associate with a piece of information so that information can be referred to later unambiguously. This could be an event, a request, an order id, or a customer id. They can naturally be used as a primary key in a database or key/value store to retrieve that information later. One of the challenges of generating these identifiers is avoiding creating duplicates while not having an increasing cost.  You could record every identi
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Low Latency Microservices, A Retrospective

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  I wrote an article on  low latency microservices   almost five years ago now. Chronicle Software has worked with a number of tier-one investment banks to implement and support those systems. What has changed in that time and what lessons have we learnt? Read this article and learn what we learned after five years of developing and supporting low latency microservices. Separation of Concerns Give Better Testability Microservices repeatedly demonstrated that testing and debugging business components were much easier with simple, stand-alone components with clear contracts between microservices. Unit tests were still used to start with. However, in 2017 we moved almost entirely to behavior-driven development of microservices. Unit tests are still used for lower-level libraries and utilities. As our microservices are all based on  Kappa Architecture , all our behaviour driven tests are modeled as a series of events in and out of the service. An input test might look like this --- oms : O
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